J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours

This sketch depicts a view of the Castel Sant’Angelo, a famous circular fortress which stands on the banks of the Tiber near St Peter’s and the Vatican in Rome. The vast size, striking shape and prominent location of the castle have made it one of the city’s most prominent landmarks. Originally the mausoleum of the Emperor Hadrian, the cylindrical building dates from AD 139 but was later converted from a tomb to a fortress, acting as part of the military defences of the city until the end of the nineteenth century. The name derives from a legendary vision of the Archangel Michael who reportedly appeared above the building sheathing his sword as a symbol of the end of a great plague in AD 590. Since 1753, a massive bronze statue of the angel by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton Verschaeffelt (1710–1793) has crowned the top, replacing an earlier one in marble by Raffaelo da Montelupo (circa 1504–circa 1566).

Turner’s sketch depicts the Castel Sant’Angelo from the north-west looking towards the Porta Angelica in the centre. Thomas Ashby identified the artist’s viewpoint as the bastion constructed by Michelangelo which protected the Belvedere of the Vatican.1 On the far right-hand side of the composition is part of the Papal Palace, whilst to the right of the Castel Sant’Angelo can be seen Santa Maria delle Grazie, a seventeenth-century church which was demolished during the early twentieth century to make way for the Piazza del Risorgimento and the new walls of the Vatican City State.2 The open fields with grazing cattle on the left are the Prati di Castello (Meadows of the Castle). Today this area is entirely built up and the vista transformed. A similar view showing the road leading to the Porta Angelica can be seen in a painting by Giovanni Paolo Panini (1691–1765), Veduta di Roma da Nord-Ouest (Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin).3 Like many studies within this sketchbook, the composition has been executed in pencil over a grey washed ground, although in this instance the paper has suffered from fading and discolouration

Other drawings featuring prominent views of the Castel Sant’Angelo can be found within this same sketchbook (see Tate D16329 and D16358; Turner Bequest CLXXXIX 3 and 32). The fortress also appears within a number of other sketches from the 1819 tour, see for example the St Peter’s sketchbook (D16214–6; Turner Bequest CLXXXVIII 33–34), the Tivoli and Rome sketchbook (Tate D14967 and D14973; Turner Bequest CLXXIX 22 and 26a), and the Small Roman C. Studies sketchbook (Tate D16405; Turner Bequest CXC 9). Furthermore, it later became the subject of two vignette watercolour illustrations for literary projects: Rome, Castle of St Angelo for Rogers’s Italy circa 1826–7 (see Tate D27677; Turner Bequest CCLXXX 160); and The Castle of St. Angelo for Byron’s Life and Works circa 1832 (Tate, N05243).

Verso:

?Blank (pasted to mount).