This watercolour is in the small-scale
Studies near Brighton sketchbook (Tate; Turner Bequest XXX) made from several sheets each of white wove Whatman paper and strong blue laid wrapping paper. The latter has its chain lines running horizontally. Often, paper is set up for painting with the lines running vertically, as Turner used it here, by rotating the sketchbook. This sketchbook was probably bound by William Dickie at 120 Strand, London, who bound many of Turner’s sketchbooks, often using paper supplied by Turner himself.
1 A similar blue paper is found in the
Wilson sketchbook (Tate; Turner Bequest XXXVII), and throughout the
Wilson sketchbook and in a minority of pages in this one, Turner also prepared some of the blue pages with a red wash, to give a deep red-brown background which has by now lost some of its intensity.
Turner chose to use the smoother, plain white paper. Light sketching with a fine graphite pencil established the main structure of the barge, and enabled a reserve of blank paper to be kept for the more intense colours to be used for the figures. The rigging was indicated similarly, with graphite pencil. Individual watercolour washes were applied with a thin brush and considerable attention to placement to create the barge and its rigging. This is a record for future use rather than a spontaneous sketch, with the only freely-painted or indeed improvised elements being the two figures and the shadow cast by the barge. Pigments used include Prussian blue for one of the figures (this pigment is brighter and more intense than the indigo Turner typically used for skies and in mixed greens at this date), a yellow lake, several shades of ochre, and indigo mixed with the ochres for the grey tones.
Helen Evans
October 2008
Revised by Joyce Townsend
February 2011
How to cite
Helen Evans, 'Technique and Condition', October 2008, revised by Joyce Townsend, February 2011, in Andrew Wilton, ‘A Barge 1796 by Joseph Mallord William Turner’, catalogue entry, May 2011, in David Blayney Brown (ed.), J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours, Tate Research Publication, November 2014, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/jmw-turner/joseph-mallord-william-turner-a-barge-r1149742, accessed 26 April 2024.