Joseph Mallord William Turner

As Cecilia Powell first correctly identified, Turner’s viewpoint for this panoramic view of Florence was the Monte alle Croci hill to the south-east of the River Arno, near the Church of San Salvatore al Monte (probably from present-day Viale Galileo, or the western side of Piazzale Michelangelo).1 The composition continues on the opposite sheet of the double-page spread, see folio 52 (D16573), but landmarks visible on this side include, from left to right: the small dome of San Lorenzo; the campanile and dome of the Duomo; and the distant hills of Monte Morello to the north-west of the city.

Related sketches can be found on folio 51, 63 verso–64, 64 verso, 65 verso (D16571, D16592–D16593, D16594, D16596), and the vista is also very similar to Turner’s earlier watercolour, Florence from the Chiesa al Monte circa 1818 (private collection),2 engraved and published in James Hakewill’s Picturesque Tour of Italy, 1820.3 The artist revisited the theme in 1827–8 when he manipulated the topography to produce four watercolour versions of a view called Florence, from San Miniato.4 In fact, as Powell has discussed, it is not possible to see the Arno and its bridges from the Church of San Miniato, and Turner has further altered the scene by placing the viewer above an imaginary terrace directly overlooking the exaggerated sweep of the river.5

Also on this page, in the bottom right-hand corner, is a small sketch depicting the Duomo seen from the amphitheatre of the Boboli Gardens.6 A corner of the Palazzo Pitti appears on the left-hand side of the view, whilst to the right are the seats of the amphitheatre surrounded at the top by decorative niches for sculpture. The artist has annotated the drawing ‘Bob[oli]’. Finally, parallel with the right-hand edge, are two rough studies of classical vases or urns, possibly sculptural ornaments from the gardens. For further sketches see folio 50 verso (D16570).