Joseph Mallord William Turner

This study is inverted relative to the sketchbook’s foliation, and framed by a black chalk border. Although he was to exhibit it only in retrospect at the Royal Academy in 1849, Venus and Adonis (‘Adonis Departing for the Chase’) of about 1803–4 (private collection)1 is one of the most ambitious of the paintings imitating Titian (active about 1506–died 1576) on which Turner embarked following his visit to Paris in 1802. He saw there, among the masterpieces assembled by Napoleon in the Louvre, Titian’s Death of Peter Martyr, which had been taken from the church of SS Giovanni and Paolo in Venice (destroyed by fire in the nineteenth century). The picture made a considerable impact on him, and he recorded the experience in notes in the Studies in the Louvre sketchbook (Tate D04306–D04308; Turner Bequest LXXII 27a–28, 28a); he was struck by the composition, which he thought ‘beyond all system’ in its combination of historical figures with a landscape that, he said, ‘tho natural is heroic’.

The use of landscape as a setting for the grandest history painting bore directly on Turner’s own preoccupations as a landscape painter determined to elevate his subject to the highest levels of importance in the hierarchy of the arts. He applied Titian’s general plan to two subjects, one sacred, one profane: a Holy Family and a scene from the story of Venus and Adonis. In the Calais Pier sketchbook we see him trying out two of each type. The Holy Family appears both in the scene of the Adoration of the Shepherds (see folios 17 verso and 23 verso; D04935, D04946; Turner Bequest LXXXI 34, 44) and on the Flight into Egypt (see folios 31 verso and 33 recto; D04962, D04965; Turner Bequest LXXXI 60, 63).

The Adonis subject was to be either the Death of Adonis (see folio 27 verso; D04954; Turner Bequest LXXXI 52) or the parting of Venus and Adonis (see folio 26 verso; D04952; Turner Bequest LXXXI 50). John Gage suggests that one was to form a sequel to the other;2 given the other uses for the Titian that he had in mind, it is perhaps more likely that Turner entertained the two subjects as alternatives. Gage also says that the compositional idea sketched on this page ‘did not derive from the Titian’,3 but it is clearly the case that it did.