Joseph Mallord William Turner

Lake Avernus with the Temple of Apollo and a Distant View of Cape Misenum

1819

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In Tate Britain

Prints and Drawings Room

View by appointment
Artist
Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775–1851
Part of
Gandolfo to Naples Sketchbook
Medium
Graphite on paper
Dimensions
Support: 122 x 197 mm
Collection
Tate
Acquisition
Accepted by the nation as part of the Turner Bequest 1856
Reference
D15608
Turner Bequest CLXXXIV 26 a

Catalogue entry

As Cecilia Powell first identified, the subject of this sketch is Lake Avernus, a volcanic crater lake near Pozzuoli, which is represented in classical mythology as the entrance to the underworld.1 This view looks south across the lake towards the Bay of Baiae and the promontory of Cape Misenum (present-day Capo Miseno). On the eastern shore is a Roman ruin known as the Temple of Apollo. The prospect was very well known to Turner. He had already painted two oil compositions of the vista prior to seeing it for himself: Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus circa 1798 (Tate N00463); and Lake Avernus: Aeneas and the Cumaean Sibyl circa 1814–15 (Yale Center for British Art),2 both of which are based upon a drawing by Sir Richard Colt Hoare (1758–1838), who also commissioned and owned the latter picture.3 A related pencil study can be found in the Turner Bequest (Tate D02381; Turner Bequest LI N). Lake Avernus is also the setting for a later oil painting, The Golden Bough exhibited 1834 (Tate N00371).4
Despite his familiarity with Lake Avernus, Turner made several on-the-spot sketches which are scattered throughout the Gandolfo to Naples sketchbook, see folios 19 verso, 34 verso–35, 71–72, 77–78 (D15592, D15622–D15623, D15695–D15697, D15707–D15709; Turner Bequest CLXXXIV 19a, 33a–34, 69–70, 75–76). This particular study disrupts an unrelated sequence of views of the Bay of Gaeta. A small part of the composition spills over onto the opposite sheet of the double-page spread, see folio 28 (D15609; Turner Bequest CLXXXIV 27).

Nicola Moorby
April 2010

1
Powell 1984, p.424.
2
Martin Butlin and Evelyn Joll, The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner, revised ed., New Haven and London 1984, nos.34 and 226.
3
See John Gage, ‘Turner and Stourhead: The Making of a Classicist?’, Art Quarterly, vol.37, Spring 1974, fig.10, p.69.
4
Butlin and Joll 1984, no.355.

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