Joseph Mallord William Turner

One of the most popular subjects for British artists in Naples was the Grotto of Posillipo (today known as the Crypta Neapolitana), a tall, narrow tunnel built through the Posillipo Hill during the first century BC.1 An impressive feat of ancient engineering, legend had it that the tunnel been magically created by the classical poet, Virgil, whose villa was said to be nearby. Still in use until the late nineteenth century, it represented not only a must-see tourist attraction, but also a key thoroughfare for travelling to Pozzuoli and Lake Agnano, west of the city. A partial collapse during the 1920s rendered the passageway impassable, and access through the hill is now achieved through two adjacent modern tunnels.

Turner’s study depicts the Naples entrance of the Grotto, found near the western end of the Chiaia district (in present-day Parco Vergiliano). His treatment follows the standard eighteenth-century tradition of the subject by showing a frontal view of the dark, cavernous entrance amidst the rocky hill face. Visible on the left-hand side of the opening is the so-called Tomb of Virgil, whilst in the left-hand foreground is a stone monument set into the wall. The inclusion of figures, dwarfed by the height of the tunnel helps to establish a sense of scale and monumentality. Turner would have been well aware of this pictorial convention, having made a small pen-and-ink copy of a view after John ‘Warwick’ Smith (1749–1831) in the Italian Guide Book sketchbook (Tate D13969; Turner Bequest CLXXII 20a, third from bottom left).2 Furthermore, he would almost certainly have known James Hakewill’s drawings of both ends of the tunnel, the Pozzuoli entrance of which formed the subject of an engraving in Hakewill’s Picturesque Tour of Italy (1820).3 Several related on-the-spot sketches can be found in the Gandolfo to Naples sketchbook (Tate D15659–D15661; Turner Bequest CLXXXIV 51a–52a). See also the studies of Virgil’s tomb in the Pompeii, Amalfi, Sorrento, Herculaneum sketchbook (Tate D15865; Turner Bequest CLXXXV 68).