Joseph Mallord William Turner

This unfinished watercolour has been identified by Jan Piggott as one of three preparatory studies for Kosciusko,1 a vignette illustration for Edward Moxon’s 1837 edition of Thomas Campbell’s Poetical Works, circa 1835 (National Gallery of Scotland).2 The design was engraved by Edward Goodall and accompanies the first part of Campbell’s famous poem ‘The Pleasures of Hope’, in which the poet celebrates the Republican hero Tadeusz Kosciusko (1746–1814).3 In 1794, Kosciusko led an unsuccessful uprising to free his native Poland from Russian control. Turner’s finished vignette shows Kosciusko and an allegorical figure of Poland standing before a besieged and smoldering Warsaw. The scene complements Campbell’s tragic description of the defeat:

The study closely resembles the bottom right-hand corner of the finished design. The dark horizontal structure on the right seems to be the Praga Bridge (Praga is the easternmost suburb of Warsaw where the uprising took place). The crossing is peopled by the silhouettes of skirmishing figures and backlit by a billowing inferno. Turner references Campbell’s description of the River Vistula’s ‘blood-dyed waters’ in his depiction of a violent orange and red sky above and the murky grey and red reflection below. Above the scene is the faint hint of a full moon. On the left is a triumphal arch described in the poem as ‘Prague’s [Praga’s] proud arch’. In the final watercolour this is placed further back in the centre of the composition.