James Havard Thomas

James Havard Thomas (22 December 1854 – 6 June 1921) was a British-born, Welsh sculptor active in London and Capri. He became the first Chair of Sculpture at the Slade School of Art in London. He was known for his painstakingly precise sculptures resulting from elaborate and time-consume processes for achieving sculptural realism. He emerged from the same sources as the "New Sculpture" in Britain, and his career runs parallel to (and in dialogue with) that movement.

Thomas first studied at the Bristol School of Art, followed by South Kensington. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1872 and, in 1879, went to Paris to study at the École des Beaux-Arts under Pierre-Jules Cavelier. In 1885, he showed his marble statue Slave Girl to much acclaim in London. He was associated with the New English Art Club and its attempts to reform the Royal Academy of Arts. In 1887-88, he served as Secretary for the Provisional Committee for Securing a Suffrage in the National Exhibition of the Arts, and this prominent role insured that Thomas would never be elected to the R.A. for the remainder of his career.

Soon after the failed attempt to reform the academicians, Thomas departed for Italy in 1889. He lived in Naples, Valle di Pompeii, and, most extensively, Capri, where he studied the lives of peasants, while also designing a system by which he could accurately determine the three-dimensional representation of the human form. He became a fixture of the expatriate community in Capri, and he was the basis for the character of Count Caloveglia in Norman Douglas's novel South Wind (1917).

Much like his disdain for the academy, he repudiated the techniques of academic sculpture. Instead, he developed an elaborate system to accurately measure the complex topography of the human body and to translate it into a three-dimensional medium. Taxing to his models, Thomas would take weeks to minutely map the human body using an armature that allowed Thomas to translate the complex forms into a numerical system that, in turn, allowed it to be recreated in a sculptural material (his preference came to be wax over mahogany).

Upon returning to England, his statue Lycidas (1905) was intended as an exemplar of his hard-won method. A complex and awkward statue, it aimed to reproduce exactly the body of his model, a Pompeiian named Antonio. It eschewed traditional compositional rules and the standard techniques sculptors used to pose and to render human bodies. Thomas deliberately made the work resistant to interpretation of its symbolism, gesture, or expressivity. (Norman Douglas claimed to have suggested the name to Thomas so as to "convey no definite suggestion; he wanted something vague and yet distinguished. I hit upon Lycidas because it belonged to three or four persons in antiquity, none of any great importance.") The statue was both unorthodox and rigorously Classical. It created a scandal when it was rejected by the Royal Academy in 1905. (The sculptor Hamo Thornycroft — a contemporary of Thomas's and a long-standing academician whose innovations of the 1880s had calcified into a conservative narrowness by the twentieth century — was most likely instrumental in the statue's rejection.) One newspaper said it was "one of the most scandalous infringements of [the Royal Academy's] public duty of which they have ever been convicted." Lycidas was, instead, shown at the New Gallery in London and became a symbol of the renewed desire to reform the R.A. This cemented Thomas's reputation as an alternative to the Royal Academy, leading in a few years to his invitation to teach sculpture at the Slade School of Art in 1911 and being named as the first Chair of Sculpture in 1914. (He resettled in London in 1906.) Thomas was instrumental in teaching a generation of women sculptors working with direct carving: at the Slade his students included Dora Clarke, H. W. Palliser, and Ursula Edgcumbe.

Thomas was an important foundation for the development of modernism in British sculpture, and his work contributed to the interest in direct carving and to the break with the expectations of the statuary tradition. Jacob Epstein, for instance, sought out Thomas soon after he moved to England. Roger Fry purchased a relief sculpture for the Metropolitan Museum in New York, and Michael Sadler purchased versions of Lycidas for Manchester and for the Tate. Though overlooked today, Thomas was a significant player in the debates around sculptural representation and the modernization of the Classical tradition in the early twentieth century.